Pace Hospitals | Best Hospitals in Hyderabad, Telangana, India

TUBERCULOSIS (TB) TREATMENT

Best Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment Hospital in Hyderabad, India

PACE Hospitals is one of the best hospitals for tuberculosis (TB) treatment in Hyderabad, Telangana, India, offering expert lungs care, advanced diagnostic tests, and personalized treatment plans to ensure effective recovery. With cutting-edge facilities, we offer accurate TB detection through Gene-Xpert, a CBNAAT (catridge based nucleic acid amplification test), sputum tests, and chest X-rays, along with DOTS therapy (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course), Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) or Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis (RR-TB) treatment, and specialized care for brain, spine, and kidneys TB cases.


Our multidisciplinary team of pulmonologists & infectious disease specialists ensure comprehensive management, from early diagnosis to post-treatment follow-up, reducing complications and relapse risks. In case of experiencing persistent cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss, visit PACE Hospitals for the best tuberculosis treatment in Hyderabad, India for comprehensive tuberculosis (TB) treatment​.

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Why Choose PACE Hospitals for Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment​?


Best Hospital for Tuberculosis TB Treatment in Hyderabad, Telangana​ | Best Hospitals in Hyderabad for Tuberculosis TB Treatment | Tuberculosis hospital in Hyderabad, India
Best Hospital for Tuberculosis Treatment​ in Hyderabad​, India with Advance Techniques & State-of-the-Art Facilities

State-of-the-Art Facilities & Advanced TB Diagnostics

Best Hospitals in Hyderabad for Tuberculosis​ Treatment​ with Best Pulmonologists

Best Pulmonologists & Infectious Disease Specialists in Hyderabad, India

Tuberculosis Hospital in Hyderabad with the High Success Rate

DOTS therapy, MDR-TB & XDR-TB Management & Latent TB Treatment

Tuberculosis Treatment at Affordable Cost in Hyderabad, India

Affordable & Reliable Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment & Long-Term Monitoring

Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Tuberculosis diagnosis

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a curable and preventable disease. However, the disease is very challenging to diagnose and treat. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a rapid molecular diagnostic test as the initial diagnostic test in individuals presenting signs and symptoms of tuberculosis. These rapid diagnostic tests include Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin) Ultra and Truenat assays. They have high diagnostic accuracy and will help in the early detection of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis.


Mantoux test or tuberculin skin test (TST), interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), or newer 


Tuberculosis antigen-based skin test (TBST) can be used to identify people with TB infection.


The Approach of Infectious Disease Specialists towards the patient

The pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis depends on whether the patient is being tested for latent, active pulmonary, or extrapulmonary TB disease. Diagnosis is established by a combination of radiology, microbiology, molecular methods, biomarkers, and the immunologic response to provocative testing. The sensitivity of diagnostic tests varies depending on factors such as pretest probability, immunological status, patient’s age, test timing, adherence to test procedures, and the ability to explain test results in the context of the patient's risk factors. The general physician or pulmonologist may inquire about the presenting symptoms and gather the complete medical history of the patient, including family history, as an initial approach in diagnosing TB.


The pulmonologist may consider the following before diagnosing TB: 


Initial evaluation


  • Medical history: Doctors may inquire about the patient’s general medical history. The physician may inquire if the patient has any symptoms of TB disease and if so, for how long, if they are exposed to or is in a close contact with a TB patient, if the patient has any risk factors to develop TB infection and if there are any underlying conditions especially Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), immunocompromising conditions or diabetes that can increase the risk of progression of TB infection to TB disease. 


  • Physical examination: It usually does not confirm or rule out TB, but it can provide information regarding the overall health of the patient. During a physical examination, the physician will examine the lungs and look for swelling in lymph nodes in the neck. Redness and swelling or inflammation over the infected lymph nodes of scrofula may be observed during a physical examination and can be a sign of extrapulmonary TB disease.

✅Diagnostic Tests for Tuberculosis

Based on the above information, the pulmonologists may recommend the following tests: 


  • Testing for TB infection
  • Mantoux test: Mantoux tuberculin skin test, also called Tuberculosis skin test, is used to determine if a person is infected with TB bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In this test, a standardized solution made with purified protein derivative (PPD), which is derived from tuberculin, is injected under the skin (between layers of skin on the forearm). When a person has been infected with TB bacteria, purified protein derivative produces a T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (firm swelling on the forearm).


  • Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA): It is a blood test to determine if the individual is infected with the mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the causative agent of TB. This test works by measuring the body’s immune response to the TB bacteria. The patient’s blood samples are mixed with peptides that simulate antigens derived from TB bacteria and with controls. White blood cells respond to the simulated TB antigens and release interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). The test results of interferon gamma levels are compared with the values of controls. 


  • Molecular testing 
  • Xpert MTB/RIF assay: This is a nuclear acid amplification test that uses a cartridge based on the GeneXpert Instrument System. The basis of this assay is PCR (polymerase chain reaction); it can be used to detect DNA sequences specific to the MTB in sputum samples. A single Xpert MTB/RIF test can detect about 99% of smear-positive patients and more than 80% of smear-negative patients directly from sputum. The World Health Organization in the year 2014 stated that the Xpert MTB/RIF assay can be used as the initial diagnostic test in all subjects suspected of having pulmonary TB. 


  • Imaging: Imaging studies are considered in the context of the stage of tuberculosis. Chest x-ray remains the initial procedure employed for screening and diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) are considered when necessary to define anatomic involvement with active tuberculosis.


  • Chest X-ray: In patients with primary tuberculosis, X-ray findings show the resolution of parenchymal lesions. 


  • Chest computed tomography (CT) scan: Images from CT scans generally provide improved sensitivity compared to x-rays for diagnosing TB. 


  • Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET CT): These imaging techniques are helpful in assessing response to the therapy. 


  • Other tests:
  • Acid fast bacilli smear microscopy: This smear technique is the conventional and most commonly applied approach in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The smear sensitivity ranges from 34% to 80%, which is limited by the paucibacillary nature of tuberculosis and the inability of some patients to produce an adequate deep expectorated sputum sample. 


  • Microbial Culture: Sensitivity in culture testing ranges from 80% to 93%, and specificity is approximately 93%. Growth is visible in 2 weeks in broth media, whereas in solid media, the growth can take up to 8 weeks. Tuberculosis grown in broth media can undergo rapid drug susceptibility testing (DST) and identification by deoxyribonucleic acid probe methods.


  • Biopsy: This technique is important for diagnosing TB infections in organs other than the lungs, such as lymph nodes, bones, and soft tissues. Samples of biopsy are examined for identifying histological features of TB, such as granulomas. This presence of granulomas can suggest TB, but a culture test is required for a definitive diagnosis.

✅Stages of Tuberculosis

From initial exposure to active disease, TB can progress through various stages. The following are the different stages of tuberculosis:

            

  • Exposure: In this stage, an individual gets exposed or comes in contact with a tuberculosis patient. At this stage, the exposed individual will have a negative skin test, a normal chest X-ray, and will show no signs and symptoms of TB.


  • Latent TB infection: The exposed individual will have the bacteria in the body, but no symptoms will appear at this stage. The individual will have a positive skin test and a normal X-ray. 


  • TB Disease: At this stage, the individual will show signs and symptoms of active infection. The individual will show a positive skin test and an abnormal chest X-ray.

✅Differential Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

The differential diagnosis of tuberculosis occurs as a result of manifestations over prolonged periods. The following are included in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: 


  • Fever of unknown origin: It is defined as a body temperature greater than 38.3 Celsius which lasts for more than 3 weeks with no cause. 


  • Pulmonary infections: It generally refers to an infection of the lungs and it results in inflammation. Symptoms include chest congestion, difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, and fever. It is caused by the following 
  • Parasitic 
  • Fungal 
  • Viral
  • Bacterial 
  • Nontuberculous mycobacteria 


  • Autoimmune diseases: It is a condition where the immune system attacks its own healthy tissues and cells mistakenly. Psoriatic disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and celiac disease are some of the examples of autoimmune disease. 


  • Sarcoidosis: It is a condition which results in the formation of lumps or nodules in lungs, lymph nodes, skin, eyes, and various other parts of the body. It is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology. 


  • Neoplasia: It is the process of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that can lead to the formation of a neoplasm known as a tumor. It includes a series of genetic mutations that allow cells to bypass normal regulatory mechanisms governing growth and division.
  • Renal
  • Peritoneal 
  • Gastrointestinal 
  • Hematologic 
  • Metastatic tumors
  • Lungs

✅Considerations of pulmonologist before treatment

A pulmonologist may consider the following key points before treating tuberculosis:


  • Assessing symptoms like cough, fever, and weight loss. 
  • Performing all the necessary diagnostic tests such as chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, sputum spears, and microbial cultures to confirm the TB diagnosis. 
  • The pulmonologist may also determine the susceptibility of drugs for choosing an appropriate treatment regimen. 
  • The patient’s weight is regularly checked for dosage adjustment. Along with dosage adjustments, side effects and adverse drug reactions are monitored.
  • Before selecting a particular treatment regimen, comorbid conditions such as Human Immunodeficiency virus, diabetes, hypertension, and liver disease are also considered. 
  • Patients are educated about the necessity of completing full course treatment.
  • The patient is also informed about the potential side effects of all the drugs used in treating tuberculosis.

✅Goals of the Treatment for Tuberculosis​

The following are the treatment goals of tuberculosis:


  • To decrease the risk of disability and mortality in individual patients
  • To prevent the transmission of mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • To achieve desired results and durable cure
  • To prevent relapse 
  • To prevent drug resistance during therapy. 
  • To break the chain of transmission and to decrease the pool of infection
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Tuberculosis Treatment in Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Tuberculosis treatment

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treatment involves complex antibiotic regimens, which can be challenging to adhere to. In the mid-20th century, primary anti-TB antibiotics were developed, playing a crucial role in treatment. However, the recent approval of two new antibiotics marks a significant breakthrough in TB management.


Effective TB prevention and treatment require seamless coordination between public health officials, primary care providers, and specialists, highlighting the importance of interprofessional collaboration in achieving TB control and eradication.


Tuberculosis exists in two forms: latent TB infection (inactive TB) and active TB disease. Both conditions are managed with antibiotic therapy, ensuring successful treatment and reducing the risk of transmission.


Treatment of Latent TB infection 

By treating latent TB, the risk of developing a disease in populations at high risk can be reduced. As per the World Health Organization, the rationale of treating patients with latent TB is based on the probability that the condition will progress from inactive TB to active TB disease, on the underlying epidemiology and burden of TB, and the likelihood of a broader public health impact. 


Two first line oral anti-tubercular drugs for three months is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the preferred preventive regimen for treating TB infection. This regimen is often prescribed because of its short duration and decreased incidence of liver toxicity compared to the 6 and 9 month regimens. Depending on the treatment plan, the antibiotics are prescribed for 3, 4, 6 and 9 months. 


Adults and adolescents who are living with HIV with unknown or a positive TST (tuberculin skin test or IGRA (interferon-gamma release assay) can follow the daily antitubercular preventive therapy for at least 36 months.

 

Treatment of TB disease (active tuberculosis)

Active tubercular disease treatment can generally take four, six, or nine months depending on the treatment plan. This treatment regimen involves the management of tuberculosis with different combinations of drugs.  A 6-month treatment regimen that includes three first line antitubercular drugs for 2 months, followed by two first line antitubercular drugs for a duration of 4 months, is the preferred treatment for patients with susceptible TB and who adhere to treatment. This treatment plan is also recommended for both HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. However, in patients with HIV infection, it is necessary to monitor the clinical and bacteriologic response. If there is any evidence of a slow or suboptimal response, therapy should be prolonged. 


Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB)

Drug-resistant tuberculosis poses a greater risk of treatment failure compared to drug-susceptible TB treatment, and it requires alternative and often prolonged treatment regimens. This treatment regimen can be extended from 18 to 21 months and includes a variety of first-line, second-line, new, and repurposed agents during therapy. The risks of drug toxicities and patient difficulties with adherence are very high when treatment regimens are prolonged. Medication adherence can be improved with patient counseling, patient education, and through financial incentives.


✅Tuberculosis Prognosis

In patients with drug susceptible tuberculosis (TB) who can complete the drug regimen, the cure rate exceeds 95 percent. Factors such as disease extent, treatment delay, comorbidities, age, the need for ventilation, drug resistance, and adverse drug reactions influence the outcome of the therapy. In patients who are treated for drug resistant TB (tuberculosis), the novel regimes will likely improve the outcomes of the treatment. 


2018 WHO global estimates of successful treatment outcomes are given as follows:


  • The treatment outcome for people with new and relapsed TB is 85 percent
  • For HIV-coinfected people, the treatment outcome is 76 percent
  • For patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), the treatment outcome is 57 percent. 


In LMICs (low- and middle-income countries), the tuberculosis associated mortality rate is more than 80 percent. Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in patients with HIV in the year 2022, the World Health Organization estimated 11.3 lakh deaths among HIV-negative individuals and 167,000 deaths among patients who are HIV positive. Prognosis estimates of untreated tuberculosis (TB) is difficult to calculate. Regional differences in healthcare resources, with either failed or never started treatment, individuals with underlying comorbidities and drug-resistant strains are difficult to estimate.

Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment​ Cost in Hyderabad, India

TB Treatment Cost in Hyderabad, India, varies based on factors such as the choice between government and private healthcare facilities, the specific medical interventions required, the patient’s overall health condition, diagnostic tests, medications, outpatient or inpatient care, duration of treatment, health insurance & coverage options.


The Indian government provides free first-line TB medications under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) through Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) clinics. This program ensures that essential TB medications are available at no cost, making treatment accessible to all patients.


In private healthcare facilities, costs can vary depending on the services provided such as Consultation Fees (₹400 to ₹800), Diagnostic Tests ₹550 to ₹7,800 (MTB Culture & Identification, MTB Drug Sensitivity, BACTEC Culture Sensitivity), Hospitalization Charges - ₹25,000 to ₹80,000, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Charges - ₹5,000 to ₹7,000 per day etc.


Treatment costs may vary depending on individual medical needs, the presence of drug-resistant TB strains, and the requirement for specialized procedures. Patients should consult with pulmonologists or hospital for a precise cost estimate based on their specific condition.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) On Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment


  • What are the causes of tuberculosis?

    Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When an individual breathes in TB germs, the germs adapt in the lungs and start growing. As they grow, they move to various other parts of the body, such as the kidney, spine, and brain, via blood. 

  • What are the symptoms of TB?

    Symptoms of tuberculosis depends on where in the body the bacteria is growing and multiplying. TB usually affects the lungs, so the common signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis are cough, cough with sputum, chest pain, fever, chills, weight loss, fatigue, and loss of appetite. 

    Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis in other parts of the body include: 

    • Tuberculosis in the kidney causes hematuria (blood in urine)
    • TB meningitis results in headaches and confusion.
    • TB in the spine causes back pain
    • TB disease in the larynx causes hoarseness.
  • Is tuberculosis curable?

    Yes, tuberculosis can be cured. It can be treated with antibiotics; tuberculosis treatment requires a course of antibiotics for about 6 to 9 months. Medication adherence is important to prevent relapse of the disease and to prevent the development of multiple drug-resistant TB. 

  • How can TB be prevented?

    The following measures need to be taken to prevent tuberculosis infection and spread:

    • If symptoms like prolonged cough, fever, and unexplained weight loss appear, seek immediate medical attention to prevent the spread of the disease and to improve the chances of recovery. 
    • Individuals must get tested for TB if he/she is HIV positive or who is in contact with an HIV patient in the household or workplace.
    • To prevent TB infection from becoming TB disease, complete the course of TB preventive treatment.
  • What are the long-term effects of untreated tuberculosis?

    If TB is not treated early, it can lead to permanent lung damage. Untreated TB can cause infection of the bones, spine, brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body. In the long term, it can lead to death. TB remains the most prevalent infectious disease and leading cause of death worldwide. 

What is tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium “Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” which commonly affects the lungs. It spreads via air when a TB infected individual coughs or sneezes in the open air.

What is the difference between TB infection and TB disease?

In latent TB infection, bacteria is present in the body, but it is inactive. Signs and symptoms do not show, a tuberculin skin test is positive, and the X-ray shows no abnormal findings. In active TB disease, the bacteria is present, and it is active and starts multiplying in the body. Signs and symptoms appear in this stage with positive tuberculin test. X ray shows abnormal findings.

Who is at risk for developing TB?

Individuals who are at risk for developing tuberculosis include: 

  • Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
  • Children who are younger than 5 years 
  • Individuals with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic renal failure.
  • Individuals with cancer of the head, neck, or lungs
  • Individuals who have undergone gastrectomy or jejunoileal bypass
  • Individuals with low body weight (less than 90 percent of ideal body weight)

What is directly observed therapy (DOT)?

DOT, or directly observed therapy, is the most effective strategy to ensure medication adherence in patients with tuberculosis. A health care worker or any other designated person watches the TB patient taking each dose of prescribed medication on time. It can be assigned in person or remotely (on phone or computer), DOT when conducted remotely is called electronic DOT (eDOT).

What is multi drug resistant (MDR) TB?

Multi drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis is a type of tuberculosis that is caused by a bacterium that is resistant to at least two types of antibiotics, which are considered as first line drugs in treating tuberculosis.

What are the complications of TB?

The complications of tuberculosis arise from the involvement of the infected organs and the potential toxicities of the drugs used for treatment. The potential complications caused by tuberculosis are septic shock, airway obstruction, pneumonia, hemoptysis (coughing of blood from lungs), meningitis (inflammation of tissue surrounding brain and spinal cord), peritonitis (inflammation of lining of abdomen), renal abscess, and infertility. Complications associated with anti-TB therapy include hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve).

Tuberculosis (TB) - Symptoms, Types, Causes, Risk factors, Complications & Prevention
By Pace Hospitals May 6, 2023
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection, most commonly affects the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch's bacillus) bacteria. These are some common sign and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) in patients such as tiredness, headache, weight loss, fever, night sweats loss of appetite, voice hoarseness, haemoptysis, dry or productive cough etc.

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