Pace Hospitals | Best Hospitals in Hyderabad, Telangana, India
ORGAN TRANSPLANT

Organ Transplantation Hospital in Hyderabad, India

At PACE Hospitals, we pride ourselves on being the top destination for organ transplant in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. With cutting-edge technology, a team of globally acclaimed transplant surgeons, experienced transplant coordinators and a commitment to personalized care, we specialize in a range of transplants, including Liver, Kidney, Intestine, and Pancreas transplants. Our expertise ensures the highest success rates and improved patient outcomes, making us the most trusted name in life-saving organ transplantation.

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    Why choose PACE Hospitals for Organ transplant?

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    What is organ Transplantation?

    Organ transplant

    An organ transplant is a life-saving surgical procedure that involves removing an organ from a person's body and inserting it into someone who is very ill or dying. It can significantly prolong the life of the person who receives the organ. The individual who gives the organ is known as the donor, and the individual who receives the organ is known as the recipient.


    The donor and recipient may be in the same location, or organs may be moved from one site to another. Autografts are organs or tissues that have been transplanted within the same person's body. Allografts are transplants conducted between two members of the same species. Allografts can come from either a live or a deceased person. Successfully transplanted organs include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Some organs, such as the brain, cannot be transplanted.

    What is Organ transplant | best organ transplant Centre​ in Hyderabad India | top organ transplantation in Hyderabad India

    Organ transplantation is a significant medical advancement of the 20th century. It continues to be the best treatment for end stage and irreversible organ failure, significantly increasing life expectancy and improving quality of life. 


    Organ transplants have gradually improved over the previous two decades and now typically produce great results among children and young adults, but the increased proportion of older transplant patients with comorbidities presents new challenges.

    Indications of organ transplantation

    People may require an organ transplant if one of their organs is no longer functioning. An organ transplant is typically considered after all other treatments have failed and only if the doctors believe that patients will benefit from it. Below are some of the conditions where an organ transplant is needed: 


    • The primary indication for an organ transplant is irreversible organ failure.
    • Patients with cystic fibrosis or emphysema may require a lung transplant.
    • Patients with heart failure may require a heart transplant.
    • Patients with irreversible liver diseases or liver failure may require a liver transplant.
    • Individuals with polycystic kidney disease or renal failure, a kidney transplant is required.
    • People with diabetes, they may require a pancreas transplant.

    Contraindications for organ transplantation

    There are several potential contraindications for organ transplantation. The absolute and relative contraindications for organ transplantation include the following: 


    Absolute contraindications


    • Active malignancy: Organ transplants involve an unavoidable but minor risk of disease transmission from donor to recipient. Although active malignancy is usually a contra indication to transplantation, organs from people with primary brain tumors are commonly used since these cancers hardly progress outside the central nervous system. Thus, although it is possible, the risk of cancer transmission appears to be less than other tumors.
    • Active infection: Clinically active infection, except in cases where infection is limited to the organ being replaced (e.g., liver abscess).


    Relative contraindications


    • HIV infection: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was previously considered an absolute contraindication for organ transplantation due to concern that immunosuppression may accelerate HIV disease development, resulting in higher mortality and "waste" of organs. Since effective Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) became widely available in 1996, the prognosis for HIV patients has improved substantially.
    • Malnutrition: Sarcopenia (progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength) and cachexia (syndrome of altered metabolic activity resulting in muscle protein loss) are common causes of malnutrition, which can eventually lead to weakness and have a poor impact on transplant outcomes.
    • Active alcohol intake and drug abuse: Active alcohol consumption or substance abuse is an absolute contraindication to transplantation. Most transplant programs require abstinence period prior to the transplant, but this duration is not clearly defined (6 months is commonly needed). 
    • Noncompliance to treatment: Noncompliance before transplantation may be a relative contraindication. As noncompliance after a transplant has been linked to graft loss, patient morbidity, and mortality.
    • Uncontrollable psychiatry condition: Psychologically unstable people are less likely to hold to the necessary lifelong treatment regimen and follow-up appointments.

    Types of Organ Transplantation

    Transplant surgery is commonly used to replace a diseased bodily part with a healthy one. Organ transplantation is mainly classified according to the organs being transplanted and the method used. It includes the following:


    Based on the organs transplanted

    • Heart transplant
    • Liver transplant
    • Kidney transplant
    • Intestinal transplant
    • Lung transplant
    • Auto islet cell transplant
    • Corneal transplant


    Based on the approach involved

    • Xenotransplantation
    • Allotransplantation
    • Autotransplantation
    • Isotransplantation


    Based on the organs transplanted


    • Heart transplant: Heart transplantation is an option for those with congestive heart failure who have not responded to medical treatment. Heart transplantation is one of treatment options for severe heart conditions, and it should only be considered when other possible treatments have failed.


    • Liver transplant: It is a surgical procedure in which the liver is not functioning properly is replaced by a healthy liver or a part of a liver from a living or deceased donor. A liver transplant, also called hepatic transplantation, removes the injured or diseased liver and replaces it with a healthy liver. This process of replacement is also known as allograft. It can potentially save people in case of liver failure. A liver transplant may be the only possibility for someone whose liver disease has progressed to liver failure.


    • Kidney transplant: It is a surgical method to replace a damaged kidney with a healthy kidney from a donor. A deceased organ donor's kidney or a living donor's kidney may be used. A kidney transplant is a possibility for people who have long-term (chronic) renal failure. It may be done through a kidney-pancreas transplant.


    • Intestinal transplant: Intestinal transplantation is an option for individuals who have a short bowel or short gut syndrome, have advanced liver disease, or have to get all nutrients via a feeding tube.


    • Lung transplant: A lung transplant may replace one or both lungs. It may be the only option for a person with lung disease who has not improved with previous medications or therapies and is likely to live for fewer than two years.


    • Auto islet cell transplant: Auto islet cell transplantation is performed after a person's pancreas is removed because of chronic (long-term) pancreatitis. The process removes insulin-producing cells from the pancreas and restores them to the body.


    • Corneal transplant: A corneal transplant repairs a damaged or diseased cornea. The cornea (the transparent tissue in the front of the eye) helps to focus light on the retina. It is the portion of the eye where a contact lens rests.


    Based on the approach involved


    • Xenotransplantation: The Greek term "Xenos" means "foreign" or "strange." A transplant between species is referred to as a xenotransplant, and the process is called xenotransplantation. Xenografting is a type of heterologous transplantation involving transplanting viable cells, tissues, or organs from two species. It is a cross-species transplantation procedure. 


    • Allotransplantation: An allotransplant is a transplant between two non-genetically identical people, and the process is known as allotransplantation. Donor organs and tissues can come from living persons or those who have died as a result of severe brain damage or a loss of circulation.


    • Autotransplantation: Autotransplants are transplants from one portion of the body to another, and the procedure is known as autotransplantation.


    • Isotransplantation: This refers to the inter or intra-transfer of live tissue(s) or organ(s) between individuals from the same species. Intra-transfer is the grafting of tissues or organs from one section of an organism's body to another, whereas inter-transfer occurs between different organisms of the same species.

    Organ transplant list criteria

    To ensure a just and equitable system for organ transplantation, accurate and transparent clinical criteria are necessary due to a shortage of donor organs. Below are some of the standard criteria for undergoing organ transplantation: 


    • Patients need to be referred by a specialised physician for an individual, often with end-stage organ disease, to a transplant unit.


    • A multidisciplinary team at the transplant unit evaluates eligibility criteria, including medical history and the ability to adhere to medical therapy, which impact transplant outcomes.


    • To be eligible for an organ transplant, the recipient must have an irreversible and severe condition that causes organ failure. They must also be healthy enough to be on a lifelong medication regimen.


    • The recipient patient must meet strict medical criteria, such as no multiple organ failure, persistent infection, or other therapeutic options available.


    • For children, obtaining an organ transplant requires adequate support from a parent or surrogate. Nevertheless, the possible organ recipient is in urgent need.


    • Patients with intellectual developmental problems may not be eligible for organ transplants despite a verified medical need.


    • Candidates must be screened for conditions impairing their ability to handle the surgical procedure or the post-transplant recovery. This includes examinations for heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and infectious conditions.


    • Candidates need to prove psychological and emotional stability to adhere to post-transplant medications and lifestyle adjustments.


    • Candidates must be free of substance abuse or committed to abstinence for a long time. Drug abuse can have a major impact on transplantation and post-transplant care consequences.

    Organ transplant procedure steps

    Before an organ transplant

    • Patients will have a thorough medical examination to identify and address any medical issues, such as heart or kidney disease.
    • The transplant team will evaluate the patient and review their medical history to see if they meet the criteria for organ transplantation. Most forms of organ transplants have recommendations that specify who is most likely to benefit from the procedure and be able to handle the complex process.
    • If the transplant team decides the patient is a good candidate for a transplant, they will be added to a national waiting list. The criteria for being included on a waiting list vary, including the type of transplant the patients receive.
    • Once patients are on the waiting list, searching for a suitable donor begins. Types of donors vary according to the specific transplant but include the following: A living-related donor is someone close to an individual, such as a parent, sibling, or child. A live unrelated donor can be a friend or spouse. A deceased donor is a person who died recently. An organ donor can donate their heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, intestines, and pancreas.

    During an organ transplant

    • When an organ becomes available, patients will have transplant surgery.
    • Surgeons remove the damaged organ and replace it with a donated one.
    • The procedure differs according to the type of organ (e.g., kidney, liver, heart).

    After an organ transplant

    • The type of transplant determines the length of a patient's stay in the hospital. The transplant services team sees patients daily during their stay.
    • The transplant service coordinators will arrange for the patient's discharge and discuss options for at-home care, clinic transportation, and, if necessary, housing with the patient.
    • Patients will be educated on how to care for themselves following the transplant, including information on medicines. How often should they visit the doctor or clinic? What daily activities are permissible or off-limits?
    • Patients are frequently instructed not to drive or work with anything heavy while in recovery. It is also recommended to avoid alcohol initially.
    • Patients will have regular follow-up appointments with the transplantation team, primary care doctor, and other indicated experts. The transplant services staff will be ready to answer patients' queries.

    WHO Guiding principles of organ transplantation

    The guiding principles mentioned below aim to establish an ethical framework for acquiring and transplanting human cells, tissues, and organs for therapeutic purposes.


    • To remove cells, tissues, or organs from deceased individuals for transplantation, consent must be obtained as required by law, and there is no reason to believe the deceased person objected to the removal.

     

    • Physicians who determine a possible donor's death should not be directly engaged (involved) in cell, tissue, or organ removal or transplantation procedures. They should also not be responsible for caring for the person who will receive the organ. 


    • Donors need to be fully informed about the risks, advantages, and consequences of donation, legally competent to consider the information, and able to act freely without undue influence or compulsion.


    • Living minors should not have their cells, tissues, or organs taken for transplantation except for limited restrictions recognised by national legislation. Specific safeguards should be put in place to protect the child, and whenever possible, the minor's consent should be secured before donation. What applies to minors also applies to any legally incapable individual. 


    • Cells, tissues, and organs should be donated voluntarily, without price or reward. Buying or selling cells, tissues, or organs for transplantation should be prohibited for both living individuals and their next of kin.


    • It is unlawful to advertise the availability of cells, tissues, or organs for payment to persons or their next of kin, even if the individual has passed away. Brokering involving payments to such individuals or third parties should also be banned. 


    • Health professionals, insurers, and payers should not cover transplants involving cells, tissues, or organs obtained through exploitation, force, or payment to the donor or next of kin.


    • Healthcare facilities and professionals participating in cell, tissue, or organ procurement and transplantation should not be paid more than the appropriate charge for their services. 


    • Allocating organs, cells, and tissues should follow clinical criteria and ethical principles, not financial or other factors. Allocation rules, as determined by adequately constituted bodies, should be equitable, externally justified, and transparent. 


    • High-quality, safe, and effective procedures are needed for both donors and recipients. The long-term results of cell, tissue, and organ donation and transplantation should be evaluated for both the living donor and the recipient to identify benefits and harms.

    

    • Donation and transplantation activities, including clinical outcomes, must be transparent and open to examination while protecting donors' and recipients' confidentiality and privacy.

    Indian guidelines for organ transplantation

    The Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act 1994 (amended in 2011) regulates organ donation and transplantation in India.


    The Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA) of 1994 was introduced in 1994 and has been accepted in all states except the states of J&K and Andhra Pradesh, which have their own legislation in that regard. The Act regulates the removal, storage, and transplantation of human organs for medicinal purposes and prevents commercial deals with human organs.


    The Transplantation of Human Organs (Amendment) Act 2011, amended in 2011, came into effect on 10-1-2014 in Goa, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, and Union Territories.


    The modified Act is the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994. Following the reorganisation of the former State of Jammu and Kashmir, the THOTA 1994 is currently followed in the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. 


    The Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Rules were notified under the Amendment Act on March 27, 2014. The amended Act and revised Rules include numerous incentives to encourage cadaver organ donations. 


    The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has updated the guidelines to allow people over 65 years old to get organ transplants from deceased donors. Other modifications include eliminating the age limit for recipients, deleting state-based residence criteria, and waiving registration fees for organ transplant patients.


    Below are the objectives of the National Organ Transplant Program (2021-22 to 2025-26):


    • To efficiently collect and distribute organs and tissues, particularly from deceased donors, for transplantation.
    • To encourage deceased organ and tissue donation, including pledges for the same.
    • Raising public awareness regarding organ and tissue transplantation.
    • To close the gap between demand and availability of organs for transplantation.
    • To improve and expand organ and tissue retrieval and transplant infrastructure, particularly in public sector hospitals and institutes.
    • To train the essential staff for organ and tissue donation, retrieval, and transplant.
    • To establish training centres for transplant and retrieval surgeons, physicians, anaesthetists, immunologists, nurses, and transplant coordinators in relevant medical colleges/institutions (NOTTO/ROTTO/SOTTO).
    • To monitor tissue and organ transplant services and implement necessary policy and program improvements.
    • The goal is to establish and operate a digital national registry for organ and tissue donations and transplants.

    Risks of organ transplants

    The use of immunosuppressants can result in problems. These medications not only decrease the immune system's response to the transplanted organ, but they also reduce the immune system's ability to fight infections and destroy cancer cells. As a result, transplant recipients are more likely to develop complications. Below are some of the complications of organ transplantation: 


    • Infections: Transplant recipients are at a higher risk of infection due to factors such as surgery, immunosuppressive medication, immune system problems, and organ malfunctions. Transplant recipients are also at risk for opportunistic (unusual) infections, which primarily attack people with weaker immune systems.


    • Cancer: Some cancers are more likely to develop when immunosuppressive drugs are used for an extended period, such as following transplantation. Skin cancer, lymphoma, cervical cancer, and Kaposi sarcoma are all examples of such cancers.


    • Kidney problems: Kidney issues affect 15 to 20% of persons who have had an organ transplant, particularly the small intestine. The kidneys become less efficient at eliminating waste products that accumulate in the bloodstream.


    • Atherosclerosis: Some immunosuppressants develop a rise in cholesterol and other fats (lipids), which can lead to atherosclerosis (fatty deposits in the arteries). These fats can collect in the walls of arteries, reducing or blocking blood flow and resulting in a heart attack or stroke. Atherosclerosis usually occurs 15 years after a kidney transplantation.


    • Gout: Gout is very prevalent, mainly after a heart or kidney transplantation. It can be severe and rapidly progress, especially if the patient had gout before transplantation or is using immunosuppressive agents.


    • Rejection: Rejection, if it happens, usually begins immediately after transplantation but can occur weeks, months, or years later. Rejection symptoms differ based on the organ transplanted and the timing of the rejection. Acute rejection occurs immediately following transplantation and is characterised by symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, tiredness, and rapid blood pressure fluctuations. Chronic rejection happens later and can cause long-term low-level injury to the donor organ.


    • Osteoporosis: Immunosuppressive medications can cause osteoporosis in patients at risk of developing osteoporosis before transplantation. Sedentary people, smokers, alcohol users, and those with kidney illness are among them.

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Organ Transplant

    • Does an organ transplant change your personality?

      Yes, there have been reports of personality changes following organ transplantation. Such changes are most typically reported among heart transplant recipients. However, the extent to which the transplant alters personality varies from person to person. 

    • What is a green corridor for organ transplant?

      It is a specific corridor with no stoppages that assures organ(s) reach their destination in the shortest amount of time possible. The primary goal of creating these green corridors has arisen from the fact that organs have a short preservation time; thus, within a few hours, the whole process must be finished, starting from harvesting, interinstitutional transfer, and final transplantation surgery. 

    • Can HIV patients receive organ transplants?

      Currently, only a few medical centres globally conduct organ transplants for HIV-positive individuals. Organ transplantation in HIV-negative patients, on the other hand, is seen as a well-established, reimbursable treatment by health insurance companies and physicians.

    • Can organs be transplanted from a deceased person?

      Organ donation is only permitted when the donor has died in a hospital. To stay transplantable, organs require an oxygen-rich blood supply. Donors are put on artificial respiration to maintain their heartbeat and oxygen-rich blood flowing throughout their bodies. 

    Which organ cannot be transplanted?

    Dr Sam Shemie has highlighted the vital function of the brain as an essential criterion of life. "Where extracorporeal machines or transplantation can support or replace the function of organs, including the heart, liver, lungs, or kidney, the brain is the only organ that cannot be replaced by medical technology." 

    Can cancer patients receive organ transplants?

    Although active malignancy and/or metastatic illness are absolute contraindications to transplantation because they pose an intolerable risk of tumour transmission, organs from people with primary brain tumours are commonly used since these cancers hardly progress outside the central nervous system. Thus, although it is possible, the risk of cancer transmission appears to be less than that of other tumours.

    How are organs preserved until they are transplanted? 

    The technology for organ preservation has advanced significantly. Several organ-preservation techniques are available. While the donor organ remains outside the human body, it is attached to a warm perfusion device that continuously delivers oxygenated blood and electrolytes and regulates temperature and pressure within the organ. Static cold storage (SCS) is the simplest method of organ preservation. Organs are flushed with a cold preservation solution at around 4 °C and stored on ice until transplantation. 

    What happens if the transplanted organ fails? 

    Chronic rejection is the major cause of organ transplant failure. The organ gradually loses function, causing symptoms to arise. This form of rejection cannot be properly addressed with medication. Some people may need another transplant.

    What is the most transplanted organ?

    Globally, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. This treatment is performed on patients with end-stage organ failure, with the possibility of extending life and improve the quality of life for recipients. 

    What are the success rates for different types of organ transplants?

    The kidney transplant procedure success rate in India is reported to be one of the highest in the world, with an estimated over 90% kidney transplant success rate for 7500 kidney transplantations per year. Presently, 90% of kidney transplants are obtained from living donors, and only 10% are from deceased donors (patients who died due to brain stroke or accidents). The liver transplant success rate in India is approximately 89% based on the current data, where the liver transplant survival rate varies from 95% to 60% from person to person.

    When was organ transplants discovered? 

    In the 18th century, scientists began to experiment with organ transplantation. Although there have been numerous failures over the years, by the 1900s, scientists had discovered success. Transplants are now considered regular medical interventions, and they are capable of transplanting various organs.

    How long can organs be preserved for transplantation? 

    Organ preservation is the supply chain for organ transplantation. The liver, pancreas, and kidney can now be successfully preserved for up to two days by flushing them with the University of Wisconsin's (UW) organ preservation solution and preserving them at hypothermia (0-5 degrees Celsius). 

    What is organ donation and transplantation? 

    Organ donation is the decision to donate an organ to save or transform someone else's life. Organ transplantation is a procedure that involves removing a damaged or missing organ from a donor and implanting it in a recipient to replace it. 

    Why are organ transplants important? 

    Organ transplants are surgical procedures that have the potential to save lives, restore vital functions, and improve overall quality of life. They can be a treatment option for those suffering from medical conditions that could cause essential organs to fail. 

    How are organs matched for transplant?

    Organ matching and allocation are carried out using a national database with strict criteria, as well as extensive evaluation and approval processes. 

    Why does the human body reject organ transplants? 

    The immune system recognises the transplanted organ as foreign and fights it, causing the human body to reject it. This is referred to as transplant rejection. 

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